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In our verse by verse study of Romans we are in Rom 1:23; where we were working on the Greek word "eikon" that is translated image or copy so we have the phrase "into an image."
The next phrase "made like" or "in the form of comes from the Greek word "homoioma" that with "en" means into or in, but with the verb "allasso," is translated "exchange," it means for. So we translate "for an image." They "exchanged the glory of incorruptible God for..."
This is the reversionist liberal heathen exchanging God's perfect truth for corrupt lies because they have chosen to reject the truth of the incorruptible God....
Resulting in their choosing an image, an idea or an idol that is "made like" in the original there is no verb.
It is an appositional genitive singular from "homoioma" that means not only an "image of" but the image is in form of, a concept or the appearance of something. So we translate it, "in the form of."
The form that it takes is "corruptible man" a descriptive genitive of the adjective "phtartos" that means corruptible, mortal, or perishable.
Man is corruptible because of his old sin nature; man is mortal because of death; man is perishable because of the biological human body.
Then the objective genitive singular of "anthropos," translated " mankind" in the generic sense. Images of men who exercise great power and authority in life are set up and worshipped. We still see this today in places like China and Iran.
This was being done in the Roman Empire and in some places in the world today.
"and to birds" the objective genitive plural of "peteinon." Birds like the hawk and the eagle are admired for their ability to fly and soar so the birds that seem to have power. Many cultures had some form of bird worship.
"and four-footed animals" the objective genitive plural from "tetrapous," that means a quadruped, an animal with four legs.
Animals were worshipped for their power. For example, the bull was worshipped in Egypt and in Crete.
"and crawling creatures," translated from "herpeton", refers primarily to snakes, though crocodiles were also worshipped.
Expanded Translation: "And they exchanged the glory (essence) of the incorruptible God for an image in the form of corruptible mankind, and birds, and quadrupeds, and reptiles."
This describes how far evil will go, and how evil becomes creative and develops its own idols or ideology that represent the gods they manufacture in their perverted inverted thinking.
Verses 24-28 describe three examples of God's justice responding to this evil. Remember God's point of contact with fallen mankind is His justice.
God's love won't do anything without the approval of God's justice because God cannot and will not compromise His perfection.
Never forget that when God deals with us He cannot compromise himself and remain God so when it comes to God's omnipotence it's not about what God can do it is about what His justice and righteousness will choose to do.
This is why adjustment to God's justice is always the critical issue.
That was the issue in satan's challenge to God when satan incited the angelic rebellion.
Satan was probably shocked when God did not back down and instead he doubled down with the creation of humanity that He promptly also permitted to fall into rebellion but then after that fall He revealed the "seed of the woman," Jesus Christ as his grace solution in Gen 3:15;
Rom 1:24; the key word is the verb "paradidomi" translated "give over" in the NASB. It means to "deliver", and in this case it means to deliver to God's justice department in the Supreme Court of heaven. In the context there are three deliveries to God's justice department.
The first is the delivery to reversionism is found in verses 24 and 25. The second is the delivery to perversion, verses 26 and 27. The third delivery is to the function of evil in verse 28.
Rom 1:24; God's justice delivering a maladjusted people into reversionism. "Therefore God" the inferential conjunction "dio" is translated "therefore," in view of what has just been noted regarding their rejection of God and maladjustment to God at God-consciousness and Gospel hearing.
The result of that maladjustment is that since God is perfectly fair and just and if divine justice cannot bless it must curse so that is what we are about to see.
The cursing that comes from God's justice occurs whenever any given nation, people or culture chooses to be persistently maladjusted to God's justice.
"God" actually it is "o Theos" that is more accurately translated "the God." The definite article is not used to show the quality of God, though the quality of essence is there, it is to demonstrate the fact that this phrase, this person, is well known to those who are the hearers or the readers of this letter.
So the definite article with the proper noun indicates that you know who is meant by the monadic use of the noun that is preceded by the article "the God."
It refers specifically to the Seed of the woman, the Lord Jesus Christ who is the presiding judge of the supreme court of heaven.
There are three judges on the bench of the supreme court of heaven: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit.
But God's Word tells us all judgment is committed to the Lord Jesus Christ so the inferential conjunction "dio" gives the reason for judgment from God's justice against reversionistic unbelievers because they have rejected God.
Negative volition at either God-consciousness or gospel hearing is the cause of the problem that results in heathenism.
The God's justice therefore must adjust to maladjustment, and it always does so with cursing. The nominative singular of "Theos" with the definite article emphasizes God's justice from God's essence.
"gave them over" from the aorist active indicative of the verb "paradidomi" that we noted means to hand over, to deliver, to entrust, to give over, to commend, or to commit. It also means to hand down, to pass on, to transmit, to reach, to allow, and to permit.
All of these meanings can go with various combinations of other Greek words. Here we have a combination of delivering over or handing over to judgment from God's justice. The verb is used here for God's judgment of unbeliever reversionism that is the source of evil of heathen liberalism.
The aorist tense is another constantive aorist so it contemplates the action of the verb in its entirety. It takes the judgment of heathen liberalism in any nation, at any time, and collects it all together into one bucket.
The active voice tells us that God's justice produces the action of judging unbeliever reversionism. The indicative mood expresses the action from the viewpoint of existing reality.