https://youtu.be/uSnGLakXYp8
In our verse by verse study of Romans last time we completed Rom 5:13; our Expanded Translation Rom 5:13; "For until the law the sin nature was in the world, and imputed sin was in the world: but personal sin was not imputed when the law did not exist."
Rom 5:14;"But death reigned from Adam to Moses." Death had to reign from Adam to Moses because Adam's sin was imputed to every member of the human race at the point of physical birth.
This verse begins with the adversative conjunction "alla" (but) used to set up a comparison between two clauses. Sin was not imputed where there is no law; nevertheless there is still the penalty of sin.
The Mosaic Law was not given until the time of Moses but from Adam to Moses, as well as thereafter, spiritual death reigned because of the penalty of Adam's original sin was imputed to every person at the point of physical birth.
Next in the Greek word order is the aorist active indicative of the verb "basileulo" (rule) that means to be king over or to rule or reign. It is in the constantive aorist tense so it gathers up into one entirety the fact that spiritual death applies to the entire human race without exception from Adam to Moses.
It actually applies throughout the entire course of human history while humans haves unglorified sin infused mortal bodies.
The active voice of " ho thanatos" (the death) referring to the spiritual death from Adam's original sin producing the action of the verb. Spiritual death rules in the human race, and it refers to the fact that spiritual death is the penalty of Adam's sin and we are all under the judgment of spiritual death because of Adam's sin.
The indicative mood is declarative for a dogmatic statement of fact. With this is a prepositional phrase "apo" (from) plus the proper noun "Adam" (Adam), and then an improper preposition "mechri" (until) "Mouses" (Moses) "until Moses."
"even over them that had not sinned in the likeness of Adam's offense" some person might say they sinned in different ways, so is that fair? This answers that question "yes".
The conjunctive particle "kai" (and) is used as an ascensive adverb, meaning "even." Then the prepositional phrase "epi" (on) plus the accusative plural from the definite article "ho" (the), and then "epi" (on) plus the accusative establishing a directional concept for sin "even over those."
The definite article "ho" is used as a demonstrative pronoun. Then the negative plus the aorist active participle of "hamartano" (having sinned). This is a constantive aorist that views the action of the verb in its entirety.
The active voice tells us that people living between Adam and Moses produce the action. The participle is circumstantial-"who have not sinned." The phrase "after the likeness of Adams' offense" "epi" (on) plus the locative of "homoioma" (likeness) that means "likeness" or "in the likeness of" or 'in a similar way."
Plus the possessive genitive of "parabasis" (transgression) that means "transgression" or "offense." So spiritual death ruled "even over those who had not sinned in the likeness of Adam's offense (original sin)."
"who is the type of him that was to come" the nominative singular relative pronoun "hos" (who) that has Adam as its antecedent. Plus the present active indicative of the verb "eimi" (is). This is a dramatic present tense that views a past event with the vividness of a present occurrence.
The active voice: Jesus Christ as the last Adam is the one who is destined to come. Adam keeps on being the type. The word for type is a predicate nominative from "tupos" (type, pattern example, or template), and with the present active indicative of "eimi" (is) we have "who keeps on being a type."
The static present explains the fact that there is a typology forever. Adam is the type Jesus Christ is the antitype. The reason for this typology is because God created Adam perfect, and Christ was born perfect by God's grace. So we have the two people in all of history that entered the planet as perfect individuals.
The first Adam was created perfect and the last Adam was born perfect. The static present tense indicates that this will always be a type and antitype.
Then the present active participle of "mello" (about to be) translated "was to come" in the NASB means to be about to be, to be on the point of, and also means to be destined. It refers to an action that follows a divine decree.
A good translation is "who is a type of him (Jesus Christ) who was destined to come." Notice the past tense, "was destined to come." Even though it is a present tense it is a historical present so it can be translated with the past tense. The participle is circumstantial referring to the first advent of Jesus Christ.
Expanded Translation Rom 5:14; "But the spiritual death ruled from Adam to Moses, even over those who had not sinned in the likeness of Adam's transgression, who is a type of Him (Jesus Christ) who was destined to come."
This verse explains that ever since Adam's sin was imputed to the human race, the entire human race has been under condemnation from God's justice in the form of spiritual death in spite of the lack of the Mosaic Law that God provided to Israel to define personal sin because personal sin was never an issue in spiritual death.
Spiritual death from condemnation from God's justice only comes from the imputation of Adam's original sin, it does come not from personal sins people commit.
This means the Mosaic Law that defines personal sin the context of God's perfect essence is not the issue in the condemnation of mankind even though it was falsely emphasized as a factor by the Judaisers and legalistic Jews at Paul's time and is also falsely emphasized by legalistic Christians today who don't understand that salvation is exclusively predicated on the basis of grace and faith not of works.
Under God's grace policy God condemns mankind in Adam, God justifies and saves mankind in Jesus, mankind does nothing.
Death rules because every member of the human race received Adam's sin by direct imputation from God and at the same time at physical birth received a genetically formed old sin nature.
Personal sin was never imputed until the cross, and at that time it was imputed for the purpose of judgment from God's justice.
Every member of the human race from Adam to Moses was under the penalty of sin in the form of spiritual death. This condemnation from God's justice was exclusively based on imputed and inherent sin, but it was not based on personal, sin even though personal sins were committed.
It is a fact that every person in the human race commits personal sin, but personal sin was and is not the basis for condemnation. Adam's sin is the basis for condemnation because Adam is the federal head of the entire human race.
So spiritual death rules over the entire human race. The universal rule of spiritual death implies the universal rule of imputed and inherent sin.
Adam's sin was his negative volition related to his direct disobedience to God's command to not eat the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. God set up a volitional test for man in his perfection. It was a test for his free volition.
In his perfection in the Garden of Eden man did not need to understand satan's policy of good and evil he just needed to obey God.
While many members of the human race do not have the duplicate of the exact sin that Adam committed; they do have the facsimile and God's justice recognizes the facsimile under the principle of guilt.
This means that even though everyone does not express sin in the same way everyone does commit personal sins.
All are just as guilty and are therefore under the penalty of sin (spiritual death) because of the imputation of Adam's sin and because of their inherited old sin nature.
Therefore the entire human race was positionally in Adam when Adam sinned.
Condemnation does not originate from personal sin but from imputed or inherent sin. In the human race personal sin is the result of spiritual death personal sin is not the cause of spiritual death.
Personal sin is the direct result of being born with the imputation of Adam's sin plus the genetically formed old sin nature. All personal sin comes directly from the old sin nature and in addition to sin; human good and evil also come from the old sin nature.
Sin, human good, and evil are not the basis for spiritual death. They are the result of spiritual death. Between Adam and Moses personal sins were not imputed for condemnation even though everyone committed personal sins. Imputed and inherent sin is the basis for condemnation, never personal sin.
Adam is a type of Christ from the standpoint of his federal headship of the human race. Only two men in human history, Adam and Christ, are federal heads. Adam is the federal head of spiritually dead soulish humanity from natural physical birth and Jesus Christ is the federal head of spiritual humanity from being born again spiritually.
The first Adam was created perfect and sinned, bringing condemnation to the entire human race. Adam is author of sin in the entire human race.
Jesus Christ (the last Adam) was born perfect and He was judged on the cross for every personal sin thereby bringing salvation on the basis of grace and faith to the entire human race.
Neither the first Adam nor the last Adam started with an old sin nature. Both had nothing related to sin and both had free will. The choice of the first Adam was negative, putting the human race under sin; the choice of the last Adam was positive, providing salvation for the entire the human race.
The first Adam acquired the old sin nature or the trend to sin through his own original sin. The last Adam was impeccable and never had an old sin nature, even though He was tempted to sin far beyond anyone else who has ever lived.
Because of the impeccability of Jesus Christ He was qualified to go to the cross as the last Adam and be judged for our personal sins. There was no imputation of our personal sins until the cross where they were all imputed to Jesus Christ and judged by God's justice they are never imputed to us.
This provides with a type and antitype. Adam is the author of spiritual death; the last Adam is the author of eternal life. 1Cor 15:22,45.